Adaptation potential of Opuntia ficus-indica along altitudinal gradient of Gullele Botanical Garden, Addis Ababa

Abstract

Ethiopia’s diverse agro-climatic zones host a rich variety of endemic and introduced flowering plants, among which is Opuntia ficus-indica, an introduced species prized for its nutritional benefits for both humans and animals. This research aims to evaluate the adaptability of Opuntia ficus-indica across different altitudinal ranges within the Gullele Botanical Garden, located in the central plateaus of Ethiopia. Approximately 45 cladodes were sourced from the Gurage zone to analyze the species’ adaptation and growth performance at varying altitudes in the Gullele Botanical Garden, Addis Ababa. The cladodes were planted at three distinct altitudinal levels, with their survival rates, growth metrics, and developmental timelines closely monitored over a period of 30 months. The results indicated that while initial survival rates were modest, the species demonstrated resilience across altitudes ranging from 2,559 to 3,000 meters above sea level. Notable differences were observed in growth duration, cladode height, and flowering periods. Lower altitudes facilitated quicker growth and larger cladodes, whereas higher elevations led to delayed growth and flowering, likely due to cooler temperatures. These findings suggest that Opuntia ficus-indica can be successfully cultivated in highland ecosystems, contributing to ecological restoration, enhancing food security, and promoting sustainable agriculture in Ethiopia’s drought-prone areas. It is recommended that further long-term studies be conducted to refine cultivation techniques and assess reproductive and yield potentials. Integrating Opuntia into restoration programs and farming systems could provide a reliable source of food and fodder, improve soil stability, and serve as a climate-resilient crop option for local communities.