Epidemiology and Community Knowledge of Bovine Trypanosomiasis in Yirgacheffe District, Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2021 to June 2022 in selected kebeles of Yirgacheffe District, Southern Ethiopia, to assess the epidemiology of bovine trypanosomiasis and farmers’ knowledge, awareness, and management practices. A total of 384 indigenous cattle were systematically sampled and examined using the buffy coat technique and packed cell volume (PCV) determination. In addition, 200 cattle-owning households were purposively interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, employing descriptive statistics, t-tests, chi-square tests, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals. Trypanosomiasis infection prevalence ranged from 8.6% to 11.9% across origins (OR = 1.30–1.55). Infection was higher in adults (15.48%, OR = 1.56) and in poorly conditioned cattle (6.02–21.1%, OR = 2.16–3.16). Sex showed no significant effect, indicating that age and body condition are the main determinants of trypanosome infection risk. Community findings showed that 67% of farmers recognized bovine trypanosomiasis and 85% were aware of its clinical signs. Most respondents relied on trypanocide drugs and insecticide application, and 77.5% were willing to pay for improved veterinary services. Despite this awareness, ongoing transmission suggests gaps in vector control, diagnostics, and extension services. In conclusion, bovine trypanosomiasis remains an important constraint to cattle productivity in Yirgacheffe District, with anemia as a key pathological indicator. Integrated, areaspecific control strategies —including targeted vector management, strengthened veterinary services, routine PCV monitoring, and farmer-focused extension —are essential for sustainable disease control.